MWP 3 Precis 5) Buying Racial Capital: Skin- Bleaching and Cosmetic Surgery in a Globalizes World

  In her article, "If You're Light You're Alright: Skin Color as Social Capital for Women of Color" Margret Hunter asserts consumers can now purchase "racial capital" through skin- bleaching creams or cosmetic surgeries. This article studies three competitive discourses: 1) the beauty makeover, Its centered on the mass-marketing of cosmetic whitening products, 2) the public health consequences, designed to discourage potential skin bleachers by revealing health risks and 3) the cosmetic makeover, marketing designed to market cosmetic procedures to the new "ethnic" and growing market. The analysis of advertising and public health campaigns  this research suggests the focus on individual attitudes in all three dimensions and supports the buying of racial capital.

Hunter, Margret L. “Buying Racial Capital: Skin Bleaching and Cosmetic Surgery in a Globalized World” The Journal of Pan African Studies, Vol. 4, June 2011

MWP Freewriting 4

   In this article research is conducted in the U.S, Canada, and France. Its is based upon consumer racism of purchasing minority business's products vs buying products of that country's dominant race. In the U.S it is Caucasian American vs Hispanic and African Americans. In Canada it is English Canadians vs French Canadians. In France it is French Caucasian vs Moroccan, Algerian and Northern African immigrants. They give an example where a girl named Carolina a Caucasian has to do grocery shopping. She lives in an area in which there are three grocery stores to choose from. Grocery store A is owned by Pete a Vietnam veteran and Caucasian. Grocery store B is owned by a Mexican American immigrant Jose. Grocery store C is owned by a French immigrant Franco-Pierre. She chooses Pete's store because she is more readily identified ethnically because Pete is white. They also give a counter example where a Mexican immigrant is more likely to patronize a Hispanic/Latino business vs a Caucasian owned business. Several experiments, surveys, and a consumer racism measurement instrument is developed and validated.

From article: "Intuitively, ethnocentrism (Shimp and Sharma 1987), patriotism (Bilkey and Nes 1982, and animosity (Morris 1998), all combined with certain product-country image or country of origin effect (Heslop 1993), might explain Caroline's choice to walk over to Pete's shop to get milk.

From article: At the sub national level, the concept of CR has been postulated as an alternative explanation of animosity-like phenomena (Ouellet 2005).

MWP 3 Precis 4) Consumer Racism andIts Effects on Domestic Cross-Ethnic Product Purchase

   In his article “imposition” of their unassimilated culture (Potvin 2000) Jean- Francois Ouellet asserts racism is most often the reaction of the dominant ethnic group over the ethnic minorities. The research provides evidence of (CR) consumer racism on domestic cross-culture product purchases in three different countries. The research suggests that consumer racism will affect the dominant majority race judgment and willingness to purchase products from that country’s ethnic minorities. Similarly, results of experiments, surveys, show that a business owned by minorities is significantly and negatively affected in areas in which consumer racism is present. A product-ethnicity image and or consumer’s perception of importance on the outcome associated with consuming minority owned businesses products and services or vice versa with minority consumers choosing to do business with minority owned businesses over the dominant race companies.

Ouellet, Jean- Francois. “Consumer Racism and Its Effects on Domestic Cross-Ethnic Product Purchase: An Empirical Test in the United States, Canada, and France” Journal of Marketing Vol. 71 (January 2008), 113-128

Freewriting of MWP 3) Precis 3

  The article begins with terminology relevant to the article SWB (shopping while black) or CRP (Consumer Racial Profiling). There are 81 court cases based on alleged race/ethnic discrimination. There are three measurement levels of discrimination. The customers service experience, degradation or denial. Subtle discrimination which is indirect and ambiguous. An example in the article an African American family rent a motel room and a short time later they are asked to leave without a reason. Overt discrimination is obvious such as a Hispanic family stopping at a Conoco and paying for their merchandise with a credit card. The clerk refuses to accept payment even with a valid license and began using racial epithets towards them. In another case a Denny's server made African American customers wait an extra ordinary amount of time before being seated then she made derogatory comments toward them. The last measurement is consumers of color being biased on Criminal Treatment. A stereotype is that minority customers are most likely to steal.

From article: "Degradation can take many forms, such as extended waiting periods, prepay requirements, being charged higher prices, and being subjected to increased surveillance and to verbal and/or physical attacks, including the use of racial epithets."

From article: (Commonwealth of Massachusettes v. The Children's Place Stores, Inc. 2003; p.3). An employee alleged that her white supervisors directed her to refuse minority customers large shopping bags because they would use the bags to steal.

MWP 3 Precis 3) Courting Customers: Assessing Consumer Racial Profiling and Other Marketplace Discrimination

  In her article, "shopping while Black" (SWB) (Gabbidon 2003) the article begins with terminology used in popular press and literature. CRP (consumer racial profiling) as defined as a different type of treatment of consumers in the marketplace based on ethnicity/race which constitutes denial of or other degradation of products or services that are offered to the consumer. There is an analysis done of 81 federal court decisions involving customers' allegations of discrimination. The author discovered three elements that served to summarize accounts of marketplace discrimination against people of color: 1) An element of criminal suspicion based on discriminatory behavior (present or absent) 2.) Types of discrimination, subtle or overt. 3.)How there service experience was based on discriminatory behavior (degradation or denial).

Harris, Anne-Marie G. “Courting Customers: Assessing Consumer Racial Profiling and Other Marketplace Discrimination.” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, Vol. 24. No. 1, Dimensions of Marketing’s Relationship to Society (Spring, 2008), pp. 163-171

Working Thesis Draft) MWP 3

  When I think about Marketing, I immediately think about selling, advertising, and promoting products to consumers. However, there is racism in Marketing that use these strategies to target minorities. Consider, for example POPEYE'S chicken using African Americans in their commercials to promote and sell chicken. Is POPEYE'S using a stereotype that African Americans like chicken or is this racism? You be the judge.

Freewriting 2) Using racial profiling to Identify Shoplifters

    My second article was about consumer racial profiling to identify shoplifters. Large retailers such as JCPenny, Wal-Mart, Dillard's, and Cracker Barrel use profiling to identify shoplifters. Many retailers are losing billions of dollars each year to shoplifting. The article uses Gallup polls to find out whether people support this tactic and to know ones surprise most people do support it. It is also known that African Americans were most likely to raise suspicion among other races of people according to my research. An interview based study found that blacks felt that they were targeted by excessive surveillance. To support this theory an experiment was conducted among white groups and black groups. They were instructed to inquire about sunglasses to purchase that had sensor tags on them. The sales clerks complied with both groups of customers demands but disguised researchers noticed that the black group was more closely watched then the white group. In addition, it is also noted that sales clerks are more likely to profile than security personnel. Lastly, the article discusses is it ethical to use such strategies to identify shoplifters.


From article: "These empirical analyes of cases pointed to the fact that sales clerks, as opposed to security personnel, were the ones most likely to be accused of CRP."

From article: "However, in recent years, it has been alleged in litigation that racial/ethnic profiling represents another preventative tactic that has been used by well-known retailers such as Wal-Mart JCPenny, Dillard's, and Cracker Barrel, among others (Gabbidon,2003; Harris, 2003).

Freewriting on Academic Articles) Class Discussion

  My first article was about alcohol & tobacco on minority groups mostly African Americans and Hispanics. The author David Moore explains that marketeers are targeting these two groups and leaves open a debate about whether its about racism or about revenue. He lists statistics on alcohol and tobacco consumption on both these groups compared to that of Anglo Saxons. He also uses graphs to point out various trends. In urban areas like South Central Los Angeles their are many liquor stores among both minority groups. There are trends in the study which explains cigarette smoking among African Americans in which menthol cigarette's (Benson & Hedges) are chosen over other brands. The analysis points out that these cigarette's have double the tar. The study also shows the health effects like alcoholism and lung cancer disease compared to other races.

From article: " This paper examines whether increased consumption of tobacco and alcohol products by minority groups is a function of target marketing campaigns directed at these groups by marketeers, and whether such contribute to the perception of racism."


From article: " Reports from the Centers for Disease Control (Office on Smoking and Health) indicate that 76 percent of blacks smoke menthol cigarettes, compared with 23 percent of whites, and another study showed that blacks were twice as likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes compared to whites."

MWP3 Precis 2) Public Opinion on the Use of Consumer Racial Profiling to Identify Shoplifter: An Exploratory Study

In his article, Shaun L. Gabbidon found two exceptions to early scholarly works of CRP (Consumer Racial Profiling) by Feagin (1991) and Asquith and Bristow (2000). Feagin’s interview conducted study was on the experiences of Black middle-class citizens in public places found that African Americans felt targeted for “excessive surveillance.” With retail companies losing billions of dollars each year for loss of inventory from shoplifting (Hollinger & Adams, 2009) many counter measures such as CCTV, fitting room attendants, merchandise alarms, and uniform guards. In recent years, it has been alleged through litigation that racial/ ethnic profiling is used as a preventative tactic by well-known retailers such as JCPenny, Wal-Mart, Dillard’s, and Cracker Barrel, among others (gabbidon, 2003; Harris 2003). In spite of the fact, research has shown no difference in shoplifting trends by race/ethnicity (Dabney, Hollinger, & Dugan, 2004). Nevertheless, citizens and retailers support such practices.

Gabbidon, Shaun L. “Public Opinion on the Use of Consumer Racial Profiling to Identify Shoplifters: An Exploratory Study” Criminal Justice Review 2011 36: 201 originally published online 24 February 2011

MWP3 Precis 1) Target Marketing of Tobacco and Alcohol- Related Products to Ethnic Minority Groups in United States

 

       

     

       In his article, Target Marketing: "good Business" or Racism? David Moore explains whether increased consumption of alcohol and tobacco products by black and Hispanics is a function of target marketing campaigns aimed at these minority groups by marketers which contributes to the perception of racism. A description of tobacco and alcohol consumption rates among these two groups compared to that of Anglo Saxons. The study examines primary marketing strategies of targeting alcohol and tobacco products to minority consumers. A debate is presented whether these practices and strategies are driven by racism or for the pursuit of money. The study assesses and leaves the door open for changes in the future but further research is required.

Moore, David J. “Target Marketing of Tobacco and Alcohol- Related Products to Ethnic Minority Groups in the United States” Ethnicity & Disease- Vol. 6, Winter/Spring 1996

Brainstorming 15 Topics regarding Racial Issues

1. Promotions in business, minorities fall behind on top jobs is this because of race
2.Rosa Parks not giving up her seat on a bus in the 1960's
3. Martin Luther King, I have a dream speech
4. Class discussion about radical people laying land anti-personnel mines around U.S Mexican border
5. Interracial dating in Today's society vs past
6. Early segregation in U.S military 1945-1960's
7. The KKK
8. Neo- Nazi's
9. The Civil War, how race was a major contributor to this conflict
10. L.A Riots and Rodney King
11. Arizona's and its struggle with illegal immigration
12. Racial Profiling among police
13.Gangs and race among Latinos and African Americans
14. Stereotype's on races of people
15. Discrimination is still strong in this country. Hunger Games movie and Rues character; racist blogs

MWP 2) Outline and Introduction: Don't Drink and Drive

Matthew Maestas

DiPrince

 English 102, 3 & 2800

March 15, 2012

Outline MWP 2: Don’t Drink and Drive

            Introduction:  Every day when I get behind the wheel of my truck, I wonder what that “other guy” will be doing. My strategy is to be safe and be on the lookout for that “other guy”. Tragically, each day someone will lose their life or be injured in a traffic accident. Most often it will involve someone who is drunk or intoxicated. Drinking and Driving is not just a social problem it involves all of us. The time to act is now before there is another drunken driving casualty. We must reach out and unite to stop these people before they get behind the wheel of their vehicle.

Definition: In this paper I’ll use the term (BAC) which means blood alcohol content. MADD Mothers Against Drunk Drivers or sobriety checkpoint which is where the police have a random stopping place for vehicles and check to see if they have been drinking. If they have been then they will be arrested and taken to jail. These are all the terms all be using as definitions plus etc.

Next will be my review of literature:   80% they say and 20% I say. My scholarly sources will be an article about 1) Mothers Against Drunk Drivers 2) Binge drinking  among college students 3) The effectiveness of designated driver programs 4) an article about the anti-drunk driver campaign: a covert war against drinking 5) a critical analysis of “ moderation” advertising sponsored by the beer industry: are “responsible drinking” commercials done responsibly?

Argument/analysis:    80% I say, and 20% they say.

Conclusion: In this section I will explain why it so dangerous to drink and drive and a complete overview of what I’ve learned through my research.

700 Word Draft: "Don't Drink and Drive"

  When I get into my truck each day, I wonder what will my commute to my destination be like. Hopefully, a safe trip with no incidents, but one must wonder what will the other person be doing. My strategy is to be on the lookout for "that other guy" and to be safe throughout my journey. Tragically, each day thousands of people lose their life or are injured in traffic accidents. Most of these crashes are caused by someones negligence to get behind the wheel drunk or intoxicated. It is their poor decision that leaves behind shattered families and divided communities. Drinking and driving is not just a social problem it affects all of us. The time to act is now before another casualty of drunk driving happens.
   One of the most visible organizations, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) has had a significant influence of addressing the problems caused by drunk drivers. The organization beginnings started through the grief of a mother named Candy Lightner. Her daughter was killed in a hit and run accident caused by a drunk intoxicated driver. This drunk driver had a history of four prior drunk driving arrests. MADD has had success of the passage of more than 1000 new laws at both the local and national levels. Some of these laws that are highlights of MADD's success includes a minimum drinking age, sever liability laws, and sobriety checkpoints. Indeed, they have made people think before they drink. In addition to harsher penalties against drunk drivers, MADD has established programs and services for victims to assist them in coping with their loss. The loss of a loved one is unanticipated and sudden, death is quick, the accident is without meaning. It leaves behind a compelling desire for the survivor "to reach out and do something" this is where MADD's roll comes in useful. Many chapters have support groups and volunteers who monitor the outcomes of court cases and report back to citizens and the media that the drunk driving offenders are punished to the widest  degree possible for their crimes. MADD's work has saved the lives of thousands and injuries prevented as a result of the mission to stop drunk drivers, but even if drunk driving was stopped the next day MADD would still be needed to support the bereaved and injured victims of this preventable and senseless crime.
  In another part of my research I bring attention to an article titled "Effectiveness of Designated Driver Programs for Reducing Alcohol-Impaired Driving." The article asks for a definition of a "Designated Driver." It discusses that their is no real universal definition of one. In the US it is known that the designated driver abstain from alcohol consumption, and drive other party goers home safely. In other countries the definition is known as a risk and harm reduction strategy. However, in some cases the "designated driver" is chosen among a group who is the least intoxicated. The goal in the context of this article is not necessarily abstinence but to keep the designated drivers blood alcohol content (BAC) below that than the legal limit above that the risk of an accident is likely. There are two types of programs that were evaluated for this review one is called population based campaigns which encourages a designated driver, and the other program conducted in bars and drinking establishments that provides incentives for people to act as a designated driver.

Citations:

Susan M. Ditter, “Effectiveness of Designated Driver Programs for Reducing Alcohol-Impaired Driving” 2005 . American Journal Of Preventative Medicine, Volume 28, Number 5S

Wendy J Hamilton, “Mothers Against Drunk Driving—MADD in the USA” 2006. INJURY PREVENTION, Volume 6, Issue 2

Precis) The "Risky Business" of Binge Drinking among College Students

In her article, Binge Drinking is a "Risky Business", especially among college students. It is drinking alcoholic beverages in excess. It continues to be an ongoing problem facing widespread college campuses. She discusses that sometimes college students don't care at all. They just want to get drunk and party and have a good time. The part of the article that interests me most are the perceived risks and their severity. Here is a list of perceived threats that students may encounter when drinking.1) Drunk Driving 2) Illegal situations including underage drinking and use of fake IDs 3) Sexual experiences including rape 4) Passing Out/ Losing control 5) Fights 6) Academic failure etc., Students voiced their feelings saying there is no better time to drink at then this time in there life. The summary of findings also lists attitudes regarding severity. The consequences are so minimal and relatively speaking, drinking is safe. The article also discusses attitudes toward vulnerability, response efficacy for risk management, attitudes that influence self-efficacy, ritual influences and other attitudes and beliefs that support ritual influences. It is a very broad article and I will further explain more in my paper.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/4189194

Precis: Effects of Desinated Driver Programs for Reducing Alcohol-Impaired Diving

 In her article, there is not any universal definition of the term,"designated driver." Susan Ditter explains in the US this is meant for a person to abstain from alcohol consumption and drive the people who do drink safely to their homes. A result of a survey indicates that 13 percentage point increase in people "always" select a designated driver, but there is no person admitting to driving while impaired or riding with someone who has been drinking. There is an ongoing incentive program to encourage people in drinking establishments to serve as a designated drivers. The most popular is to offer free soft drinks, but there are also nonalcoholic drinks and food including an incentive for free admission if they don't drink. The designated driving programs are ongoing and more research is still needed.

Article in support of working thesis

 In her article, "They slur. They stumble and lose their balance. Then, they get behind the wheel of their car and drive." (2006) Tina Wescott Cafaro makes a strong argument that this is the case for 159 million people who have episodes of alcohol impaired driving each year. In 2004, she provides a statistic that 16,694 people perished in alcohol impaired crashes. This is 39 percent out of 42,643 total traffic accidents in the United States. The article explores different ways to combat people driving under the influence of alcohol. It uses preventative educational guides to disrupt social acceptance of drinking and driving. One deterrent is to discourage behavior by creating the fear of punishment and arrest. In order for these strategies to work, a person who drinks and drive must assess the consequences of the risks and the punishment then they will realize that the consequences outweigh the risk of getting caught. She goes on to explore the ongoing debate that the validity of punishment will actually deter an individuals behavior to make them stop.

http://heinonline.org/HOL?LandingPage?collection=journal&handle=hein.journals/gonlr42...

Working Thesis for, "Don't Drink and Drive"

People who drink and drive are putting everbody on the road at danger including themeselves. Each day thousands of people are injured or worse killed because somebody got behind the wheel intoxicated. The time to act is now before another innocent victim is lost due to someone's  negligence leaving behind shattered familes and divided communities.

Questions for new topic: " Don't Drink And Drive"

What exactly is the problem? Ans: The problem is people who get behind the wheel of an automobile under the influence of alcohol. They put every driver on the road at risk of an accident and of course themselves. Alcohol is an addiction and people risk getting hooked on it.
Who is most affected by the problem? Ans: Innocent people who are just driving to there destinations unaware of the dangers of someone who is intoxicated. In some cases, Alcohol leads to mental disorder and to some extent bi-polar disease.
What causes the problem? Ans: Well, for starters its people who drink and then decide to drive. They might be leaving a party drunk and without thinking get behind the wheel and drive home. Many people have lost their lives to a person who was intoxicated. The people who do survive an accident could possibly be disabled for the rest of their lives and are emotionally scared for life.
Has anyone tried to do anything about it? If so, why haven't they succeeded? Ans: The people who are most successful about doing something about it is Law Enforcement. They lock people up in jail if they are caught drinking and driving. The penalty's are extreme, it will cost a person hundreds of dollars to get there license back and their insurance costs go up. Not to mention, they have to do community service and attend alcohol classes which also costs more money. In some cases they have to wear an ankle bracelet with GPS tracking to monitor where they are at. In addition; they have to go to court to settle their cases. For the most part, they are succeeding substantially. Why, nobody would ever like to go to jail and people who do drink are conscientious of the police just waiting for them. Other organizations who are trying to make a dent in the problem is (MADD) Mothers Against Drunk Drivers.
What is likely to happen in the future if the problem isn't solved? Ans: I don' think the problem will ever be solved but the passage of new laws will cause people to think before they drink. As long as there is alcohol people will continue to drink but new sin taxes make it that much more expensive to purchase alcohol.

Precis Introduction) Don't Drink and Drive

 Since the 1970's, one of the most visible homegrown organizations, Mothers Against Drunk Drivers or (MADD). This organization had a major influence in addressing the problems caused by drunk drivers. The history of MADD started from a mother who lost her daughter to a drunk driver who had a history of prior drunk driving arrests. The mothers name is Candy Lightner. The organizations grassroots started in California but rapidly expanded to several hundred chapters throughout North America. The loss from a drunk driving crash is unanticipated and sudden. This is where MADD fulfills the survivors desire "to do something." Alcohol related accidents have become crashes caused by criminal negligence. The result of breath testing has resulted in the campaign of more designated drivers for safe transportation when leaving a party. This is one of many mass media campaigns by MADD.

Good Reasons Chapter 13. Rhetorical Precis

  Lester Faigley, "Don't Drink and Drive." This is an example of a Proposal argument. They identify a problem and offer a solution. The problem is for the writer is to convince your readers to do something about it. Its easy for someone to say, " I agree, people shouldn't drink and drive." Getting started to write a Proposal argument is simply this in summary. Make a claim. We should ( or should not) do something. Identify the Problem. What is the problem exactly. Who does this affect. Offer a solution to fix the problem. Here is what needs to be done in order to fix this problem. If this didn't work to fix the problem let's consider others solution to fix the problem. Bring in other people who are affected and gather data. Then conduct an analysis of the data then begin writing a draft. The draft includes an Introduction, a body, and lastly a conclusion. Then simply revise, edit, and proofread.

Precis 8) The Allure Of Motorcycling: Six Million Motorcyclists Can't be Wrong

 In the article, Celebrities like Billy Joel, Jan Leno, Ewan McGregor, Dennis Rodman Arnold Scharzenegger and Bruce Willis to name just a few are all motorcycle enthusiasts. Its true riding does make you feel like Marlon-Brando just like in his (1954) film The Wild One. In the movie he was asked , "What are you rebelling against, Johnny?", "Whatddya got?" We all have bosses telling us what to do: we have responsibilities at home. At some point, we all just want to rebel against everything. The reality is we can't. However, every time we get on our motorcycle it does feel like we are all rebellious. It also make us feel like being the envy of friends and strangers. When you take up to riding motorcycles, people look at you in a different light, especially if they don't perceive you to be one to ride a motorcycle. They are envious because of the freedom that a motorcycle has looking for adventure. Motorcyclist speak a unique language like a hog which is a big Harley Davidson or Duck (Ducati). Besides riding and talking about motorcycling, Its fun to wear the wide variety of clothes you can wear related to the sport. How about a West Coast Choppers T- Shirt or a black leather Jacket,Chaps or Boots. There is diversity of people who ride motorcycles even a growing popualtion of women. There are even kids who get in on the fun. Lastly, you got to be safe. There is training available if you enroll in basic training for motorcycles.

http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:9PaxsqCkt8wJ:scholar.google.com...

Precis 7) Explaining Safety Helmet Use By Motorcycle Operators Using A Behavorial Intention Model

  In this article, Allegrante, JP. and Mortimer RG. collect data doing personal interviews at motorcycle dealerships on a multistage cluster sample of 253 motorcyclists in Illinois, a state without a helmet use law. The results of the study show that 53% of the variance in behavioral intentions to wear a safety helmet could be explained from the attitudinal and social- normative factors. The decision not to wear a helmet by these individuals was found to be primarily based under attitudinal rather than social-normative control. There was a factor analysis done and it revealed that there was beliefs loaded on three primary factors concerning the consequences of helmet use: #1 safety,#2 comfort convenience's, #3 and social image. Overall, the findings indicate that nonintenders are generally not as informed about the safety implications of helmet use as the intenders. Therefore, this suggest that there is a need and justification for public policy to stress an informational approach to the problem of nonuse now that states appear to be moving away from legislating use.

http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=206139

Precis 6) Kids and Motorbikes: The Need for Speed

In their article, James K. Lace and Brahm Golstein bring to attention, "What is a minbike"? It is known as pocket rocket, or mini-moto bike. However, it is actually not a minibike at all. They are minature Grand Prix racing machines accurate in detail, propotion, and craftmanship to any Grand Prix motorcycle. They handle just like a larger motorcycle, but because the wheel base and weight are much less, it changes direction faster. If you give the bike a bit of gas the front wheel won't hestitate to come up with the turning of the throttle. Because of its size, it turns quickly and is prone to rollovers and loss of control. The reality is the American Academy of Pediatrics has strengthened its recommendation for passage of legislation in all states prohibiting the use of 2- and 4- wheeled off road vehicles by children<16 yrs old. Coalitions can be developed with expertise from trauma centers, law enforcement, Safe Kids Coalitions (www>safekids.org) and parents who have lost a child in an accident resulting from the use of these machines.

http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/115/4/1085.short

Precis 5) Motorcycling and Social Interaction- Design for the Enjoyment of Brief Traffic Encounters

   In their article, Mattias Esbjornsson, Oskar Juhlin, and Mattias Ostergen state, "Biking provides an opportunity to express an identity". They both conclude that motorcycling is a an activity where people spend a considerable amount of time on the road for the sake of enjoyment and fun. They argue, however that the activity is also social. It makes bikers appreciate one another if they encounter other bikers on the road.There are many forms of interaction. They pursue visual interaction by the display of equipment that they are wearing like a fancy helmet or leather chaps. Some might display action by doing a wheelie for others to see. Furthermore, they complement traffic encounters by traveling in groups, meeting at certain places like a McDonald's or interacting by using public message boards on the web. In general, motorcycling is seen as different from society because it provides a feeling of individuality and most of all freedom. Motorcyclists stand out beyond the logistical demands of a transport vehicle.

http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=958160.958174

Precis 4) Examining Differences between OHV Riders: A Spatial Approach to Understading Tolerance

In his article, Taylor V. Stein (University of Florida, School of Forest Resource & Conservation) conducted a study to examine perceived differences related to the goal interference and tolerance for lifestyle diversity between all terrain vehicle riders, off highway motorcycle riders, and four wheel drive operators. He wanted to identify where conflict related to tolerance was most likely to occur. In order to collect data he did a combination of on-site interviews and mail back surveys. The results of the study indicate that there are percieved differnces related to tolerance and present a spatial understanding of where tolerance is most likely to occur. This will educate and teach managers t o provide more sustainable riding opportunities on public lands in a way that meets the riders needs and to  better conserve the natural environment.

http://js.sagamorepub.com/jpra/article/view/1272

Precis 3) Effects of alcohol impairment on motorcycle riding skills

  In her article, Janet Creaser points out that alcohol intoxication is a significant risk factor for fatal traffic crashes. Consequently, there is sparse research on the impairing effects of alcohol on skills and handling in motorcycle control. In 2007, 32% of the 41,059 total traffic fatalities in the U.S. involved an alcohol impaired rider with a blood alcohol content (BAC) greater than 0.08g/dl (NHTSA, 2008). It is the reason (alcohol) why there is more frequent motorcycle crashes than any other vehicle operation. (NHTSA, 2006). In a recent simulator study that the most common error for an intoxicated operator at BAC ranges from 0.038 to 0.059g/dl was to "run-off-road", particularly when negotiating curves (Colburn et al., 1993). People in the study also showed reckless and inappropriate speeds. At conclusion of the study, the authors made note that even the most basic motorcycle handling skills were impaired at the 1993 per se legal limit of 0.10 g/dl and henceforth concluded that the results supported their hypothesis that the "legal alcohol level" should be lowered for motorcycle riders. As a result of the study, the legal limit for all motorcycle operators has been lowered to 0.08 g/dl in all 50 states.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457509000840

Precis 2) Crimes of the Big Four Motorcycle Gangs

  In his aticle, Thomas, Barker " The largest and most consistently radical [criminal] of all 1% clubs" (Quinn,2001 p. 380) The Big Four ( Hells Angels, Outlaws, Bandidos, and Pagons). Riding motorcycles, a favorite pastime for many, has evolved and has become a deviant subcultural way of life for some of the most vicious people. For most riders they join together in clubs, groups and interest associations. One can divide motorcycle clubs into conventional and deviant (Barker, 2007). Conventional club members behave according to the norms of society they ride based upon their common interest in motorcycles, riding together for the pleasure of one anothers company. Over time, groups of deviant motorcyclists evolved into a subculture of bikers labeled by others and themselves as 1% bikers of Outlaw motorcycle clubs (Barker, 2007). There has been few empirical studies of these outlaw mortorcycle clubs/gangs. The usual research method of surveys, interviews, and field study was not applicable to these dangerous and deviant individuals. So to conduct this research a content anaysis of newspaper articles was chosen to collect data using a LexisNexis newspaper search. Here are some highlights. Three hundred one of the 631 articles (48%) contained eighty nine accounts of criminal incidents where a member or members of the Big Four motorcycle clubs committed an illegal act. The most common illegal acts involved drug trafficking, racketeering, brawling, various weapons charges, and murder. The Pagans have been involved with organized crime groups including the Italian Mafia. There are also been ties to the White Supremacist prison gang, the Aryan Brotherhood (Holthouse, 2005).

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235209000191

Precis 1) Motorcycle Consumption: A First Look at Peer-to-Peer Motorcycle Renting

   Varela, Diego.( pgs 1-7) writes, "I believe in motorcycling as a way to experience life and as an activity that should be preserved." In her article, she is a motorcycle lover and rider who likes to generate debate and discussion, in this case the sustainability of motorcycling. Motorcyclists and motorcycling are portrayed in society as reckless riders who cause road accidents. With the advent of faster and more powerful motorcycles the number and seriousness of motorcycle-related accidents has increased due to untrained riders and alcohol. Additionally, motorcycles, as do cars contribute to the pollution of our atmosphere through CO2 emissions. However, as with cars, there is an emotional connection. From the moment we enter the world of motorcycling we go through a stage. It involves dreaming about a motorcycle, the ride, the scenery and the roads and trials we share with the people we ride with. It is this love of riding that people have capitalized on. Clothing manufactures to motorcycle parts and accessories have created a whole industry related to motor cycle products. People who ride motorcycles save time and money commuting and also makes parking easy. In addition, the motorcycle industry is developing their bikes to have (ABS, airbags), GPS devices and ABS braking systems just like the automobile industry. Varela discusses in the article about the concept of motorcycle peer-to peer renting. This is where people who don't use or hardly ever use their motorcycle rent it out to others for cash. The advantages are that people could try different types of motorcycles in a less expensive way without the hassle of ownership. Another is some motorcycles especially the lower engine displacement ones, are hands down more economical and less polluting than cars. Some of the barriers to the concept of peer- to peer motorcycle renting is the lack of trust, fear of damage and or theft, etc. To remedy this she argues that getting insurance, background checks would help at least to lower these barriers and get people to try it.


        http://ijms.nova.edu/Fall2011/IJMS_Rndtble.Varela.html

Questions for Personal interest argument

1. Why is riding a motorcycle so fun and so therapeutic for the mind.?
2. Why do people have a negative image of motorcyclist and motorcycling?
3. What are the environmental impacts of motorcycling?
4. What is the impact and seriousness of motorcycle related accidents.?
5. What are the economic benefits of owning a motorcycle?
6. What are the emotional ties to owning and riding a motorcycle?
7. What economic benefits do motorcycles provide to manufactures and the clothing industry?
8. Why do motorcycle manufacturers design there bikes to be more like cars?
9. The concept of motorcycle Peer-to Peer renting: What are the benefits?
10. What are the drawbacks of motorcycle peer to peer renting?

Good reasons precis of Chapter 7

    Finding a good purpose when developing a writing argument is a good place to start. You can formulate such an idea by watching advertising campaigns. Here is an example, how about a cure for diabetes. This will make a strong purpose to write about especially if it affects you personally. You might have a loved one who has this disease and you want to raise awarness about it. Thinking about the structure can help identify different approaches for your topic. What can we do as adults to help slow or stop people from develpoing diabetes, as an example. Use different argument types to focus can help you get started writing about a complex topic such as a cure for diabetes.

Chapter 4 Rhetorical Precis

When your drafting your paper and you find a topic to write about create a sample thesis then do an evaluation. You should evaluate your thesis based on is it arguable, is it specific, is it manageable given time requirements, and is it interesting to your intended readers. Keep your readers in mind will help you write your argument.Try to understand what your readers attitudes are toward you. Do they see you as concerned, well informed, fair and ethical. These perceptions should help you when your developing your draft. In addition, what are their attitudes toward your subject. Describe a scenario or maybe even a contradiction or paradox. This will get you off to a fast start by an engaging title or Introduction. At the end, write a strong ending. Therefore, I conclude will issue a call to action, discuss the implication, or project something into the future about the main point you want to conclude at the end toward your topic. With all drafts evaluate by using targeted strategies. This will identify your goals for revision.

My responses to the scholarly article NPR story and NY Times article

  The scholarly article discusses many legal citations in the discourse of digital sampling. I basically could write for an infinity on the subject. This is the first case to be decided on the subject of sampling and copyright. This is a brief snippet of this article in which I quoted that basically summaries the main point of this particular article. Acuff-Rose Music Inc. v. Campbell . The holders of the copyright of Roy Orbison's 'Oh Pretty Women' enjoined Luther Campbell of the rap group 2 Live Crew for their use of a sample in the song 'Pretty Woman' from the album As Clean As They Wanna Be. Acuff-Rose Music denied 2 Live Crew's management the license request to parody the Orbison song and sued Luther Campbell and 2 Live Crew record company, Luke Skyywalker Records, after the release of 'Pretty Women' for copyright infringement and two tort claims of interference with business relations and perspective business advantage. The defendants argued that their use of 'Oh, Pretty Woman' was a parody and was therefore protected as fair use under 17USC,s.107 of the Copyright Act (754 F.Supp. at1152). This is what happened in the end   but Congress listed parody as one of the purposes of fair use which might be granted and common law traditionally allowed this. So the article discusses with much debate with cases that are similar in nature.This leads to much my next discussion of the NPR article. In the NPR article Ira Flatow interviewed Flora Lichtman who demonstrated how easy it was to sample a song. We next here the soundbite of the song "Funky Drummer". She tells Flatow, "That's it, the drumbeat. It's one of the most sampled songs in history. In the interview Flatow makes a point to Professor McLeod where you create a system similar to iTunes where you just have little bits of these snippets for sale and the original producers of the music would be compensated that way its fair all across the board. This would be my response to stop digital  musical sampling. Similar to digital sampling is the article , "Plagiarism Blurs the Lines". Cutting and pasting text is similar if not like sampling because it is copying another persons work to use for someones benefit. This again is because of this Internet age which digital technology makes copying and pasting easy. It all boils down to ethos, pathos, and logo's from my point of view. Both sampling and Plagiarism will continue to be much debated topics.

Digital Sampling, rap music and the law in cultural production

  In this article, Christopher Abramson argues that Congress should create statutory property rights for musicians whose work is sampled or reused by other recording artists. He examines the technological changes and business arrangements. For the professional musician music is both a means to earn a living and an art form. It takes hours of practice to master. The article goes on to say that rap and hip hop music that is in many ways based on the opportunities presented by sampling Technology. This isn't fair for the original recording artist who have spent many hours developing songs. In the end, copyright law is property law, and its based on notions of originality and creativity. It is necessary to address why sampling technology is  highlighting some of the formalities in the foundational objectives of jurisprudence. Rap and hip hop music highlight how different cultural forms and traditions are based on different perspectives of originality and creativity. Copyright is enabling of certain forms of discourse while prohibiting others in the ideological balance of  'free exprssion' and revenues. Therefore, copyright now becomes an issue for debate of so called free expression. Now, let's look at some of the definitions of copyright within legal discourse. These are original quotes from this article. Here is one. Under the 1976 Copyright Act, only those sounds which were 'fixed' on or before 15 February 1972 are protected (17 USC,s.102(a)) and protection subsists only on 'original works of authorship'. Hence, in order for a sample to be copyrightable, it must be original.

Chapter 3. Rhetorical Precis

  In English there are times when a person has a writers block and you have a hard time coming up with an argument to write about. A good way to remedy this is to find and discover an argument in everyday conversations with friends and family. You will find with unexpected delight that this can be a rich source for writing an argument. When your talking on the phone with a friend or family member, they might make a claim about something that interests you. Obviously you will want an explanation or a reason why it is that they feel that way. Then it is up to you to accept or reject their claim. So now you have established a claim, a link, and a reason. Next, find an argument topic that best suits the format of your subject. It may be a definition argument in which you argue for a definition based on the criteria you set out. You could write about an issue based upon your personal experience this is a narrative argument. If you find a subject that you want to take a position then a rebuttal style argument is the best way to go. Read and do research about your topic. This will help you become familiar with points of view already being debated on an issue. There are always going to be skeptic's who disagree or may be a contributor who adds their point of view based upon their additional source. An analyst viewpoint is another good source because you may agree or disagree simultaneously with somebody else's viewpoint. Lastly, find evidence to support good reasons. This makes your argument more relevant and sufficient.

Music Sampling, and Plagiarism Blurs Lines

  Radio Personality Ira Flatow is the host of a radio program called Digital Music Sampling is it creativity or is it criminality. He begins by saying that there used to be a distinct line between producers of culture and consumers. Somebody at a network or a production company made the T.V shows, the movies, and produced the music. The average person back then either bought a ticket to watch a movie or bought an album to listen to music. He goes on to add that nowadays digital technologies from Pro Tools to You Tube have made everyone a producer. He says we live in a world of remixes and mash-ups and samples. People are taking other people's work, remaking it into something new. He says that the problem is remixing someone else's work without their permission might be a good way to get sued or a copyright infringement. So when it comes to sampling, the law can be confusing. How much of a sound can you copyright? A musical phrase? A single note? And who are the copyright owners? He begins his interview by asking his digital editor Flora Lichtman, "What is sampling?" She says that its taking a snippet of a song and re purposing it. He next interviews Hank Shockley, president, Shockley Entertainment, co founder and producer, Public Enemy. He obviously supports sampling from his DJ and radio experiences and it propelled him to do more on a commercial level. He also mentions during his interview that corporations are copyright owners not artists like James Brown. Flatow asks Kewbrew McLeod professor department of communication, University of Iowa, co producer, "Copyright Criminals" how important is sampling in pop culture today? He says its a central part of pop culture with the advent of social networking and how a 12- year old who makes mash up videos on You Tube and uploads them. Its almost part DNA of not just youth culture but pop culture generally. He also answers Flatow's question, can you own a sound? Yes! He refers to an influential case, "The Bridgeport case," which basically the court said, "Get a license or do not sample". The interview continues with much debate on an ongoing and continuing issue with sampling.

                            Plagiarism Blurs Lines

  In this article many students simply do not grasp that using words they did not write is a serious misdeed. In this Internet age the concepts of intellectual property, copyright and originality are under assault. Digital technology makes copying and pasting easy. This coming from educators who study plagiarism. It is a disconnect where this generation has always existed in a world where media and intellectual property don't have the same medium. When a person sits at their computer there are no boundaries a person has unlimited access to just about anything. "Information just seems to be hanging out there in cyberspace and doesn't seem to have an author," said Teresa Fishman, director for the center for academic integrity at Clemson University. Shockingly, the number who believed that copying from the web constitutes "serious cheating" is declining to 29% on average from 34% in a recent survey earlier in the decade. It looks like that its becoming somewhat more acceptable. Some have argued that writing is difficult, and doing it well takes time and practice.

Chapter 2. Rhetorical Precis

  The first part of this chapter deals with controversies. Most often controversies are portrayed as either pro or con in the media. However, if you read and listen carefully to what people have to say about a particular issue, you usually find a range of different positions on the issue, and you often discover nuances and complexities in the reasons people offer their positions. So as a writer find opposing viewpoints on the Internet about your topic then use those viewpoints pro and con to make your message clear on what you want to say. A good way to summarize an article is to map the controversies. Pick at least three sources that offer different points of view on your issue. Use these controversies and map them around your subject. While your reading and discovering arguments you should recognize fallacies. Recognizing where good reasons de-rail is a most important aspect of critical thinking. There are fallacies of logic such as begging the question, oversimplification, hasty generalization, and fake analogies. In addition there are fallacies of emotion and language such as bandwagon appeals, name calling, polarization, and straw man fallacies. Make a note of fallacies while you read. The final step is map and summarize your argument based upon the notes you took while reading and understanding this chapter.

The Shame of College Sports

   The first paragraph caught my attention where I can just imagine a potential football star having lunch at Denny's with a business man. The two are talking, nothing seems to be out of the ordinary until you see something is passed under the table between the two. It looks like a paper sack. It doesn't take an expert to figure out that its money. If I was an athletic football star, I wouldn't hesitate to take some one's money if it was offered to me. The article goes on to say that student athletes generate billions of dollars for universities and private companies while earning nothing for themselves. Is this a scandal? Sonny Vaccaro a Marketing agent for a corporation told a closed hearing at the Willard Hotel in Washington,D.C., in 2001, "I'm not hiding."  "We want to put our materials on the bodies of your athletes, and the best way to do that is buy your school. Or buy your coach." Soon the thought of an image from the Cartoon Network as Vaccaro dressed all in red with a red briefcase and two horns emerging from his head came to mind representing someone evil. Bryce Jordan, the president emeritus of Penn State asked Vaccaro a question. "Why, should a university be an advertising medium for your industry?" He represents all that is good about academia (Jordan) who has a halo above his head. Vaccaro did not blink and then responded. "They shouldn't, sir." he replied. " You sold your souls, and you're going to keep selling them. You can be very moral and righteous in asking me that question, sir," Vaccaro added with good cheer, " but there's not one of you in this room that's going to turn down any of our money. You're going to take it. I can only offer it." The silence in the audience fell silent. The halo above Bryce Jordans head went, "POOF", then disappeared. The truth of this matter back then is true today: corporations offer money so they can profit from the glory of student athletes, and colleges and universities grab it. It is big business, and big revenues for all who take part.

Gaming can Make a better World

   Jane McGonial was very passionate in her speech toward gaming. She did an excellent job of Marketing the gaming industry. She gave examples in her video that gamers have Urgent Optimism, Blissful Productivity, Epic Meaning, and are Super Powered Individuals. She said we invest three billion hours playing video games and there is a mass exodus to online gaming. She even went as far to go back in the past and show the audience ancient dice made of sheep knuckles. I play Xbox and I enjoy it to a certain extent. I must admit you can loose track of time playing Xbox. My favorite games are Madden NFL, Call of Duty and others. I agree with her that gaming is the wave of the future. Recently, while I was watching the Military Channel, Fighter Pilots and Tank Commander are trained in there field on video simulation machines. These is just a fancy word for an overpriced video game. She said that gamers strive to achieve an epic win maybe that is why people get so involved and addicted to video gaming. Well, this is good news for people who design and make games. It is a very profitable industry. At the end of her speech she tells the audience, " What happens next?" I guess the audience is left with a fill in the blank answer. I can relate this video to our English class by presenting many arguments pro and con.

The Rhetorial Precis

   In this chapter, "Making an Effective Argument" writing arguments in college is setting out a specific proposal or claim supported by reasons and evidence is at the heart of most college writing. State explicit claims in written arguments a thesis that isn't obvious. Claims must have reasons based on evidence in the form of facts, statistics, testimony from reliable sources, and direct observations. Readers have opposing positions on issues so consider them by accurately representing different viewpoints. Provide the reader with insight on what they read by providing in-depth analysis. In college writing argue responsibly but respectfully too. Make sure you understand and genuinely respect your readers position even if you think the position is ultimately wrong. If you recall in English 099 and 101 we learned ethos, pathos, and logos. You have to think about your credibility. To get your readers to take you seriously convince them they can trust you. Show that you are concerned, well informed, fair, and ethical. In summary, this information that I read and learned will help me write arguments more effective.

http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2012/01/19/reports-tebow-sustained-significant-injuries-in-playoff-game/


  I really like Tim Tebow. I think he is a special person to use football to spread christianity whether this is his intent or not. Many people think his Tebowing pose is blasphemous but I don't think so. It should be understood as something positive not bad. When he wins everybody in the media praises him but when he loses not so much at all. He really should have been pulled from the game when he sustained his injury. It was not Tebow's fault alone why Denver lost so bad, the Broncos defense were as much to blame as well. I still believe that he should remain the Broncos quarterback for next season.